NOTES An Enemy of the People by Henrik Ibsen - Analysis

[wazaelimu]

Author: Henrik Ibsen

Genre: Realistic Drama / Political Satire

Setting: A small, booming coastal spa town in southern NorwayCore

Written/Published: 1882

Conflict: Individual integrity and scientific truth versus democratic tyranny, capitalism, and political corruption

CHARACTERS​

DR THOMAS STOCKMANN: Town Medical officer of Health.

MRS KATHERINE STOCKMANN: His wife.

PETRA, their daughter and a schoolmistress.

EILIF: their son aged thirteen.

MORTEN: their son aged ten.

PETER STOCKMANN: Dr. Stockmann’s elder brother, A mayor, Chief Constable, and

Chairman of the Municipal Baths Committee.

MORTEN KIIL: A Master tanner and Catherine’s father.

MR HOVSTAD: Editor of the Herald.

MR BILLING: the Sub-editor.

MR ASLAKSEN: A master Printer.

CAPTAIN HORSTER: A ship’s master.


"An Enemy of the People" is a play by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen that explores the conflict between individual integrity and societal pressure. Set in a small coastal town, the story follows Dr. Thomas Stockmann, a medical officer who discovers that the local Baths, a source of pride and prosperity for the community, are contaminated. When he attempts to publicize his findings, he faces fierce opposition from his brother Peter, the mayor, and other townspeople who prioritize their economic interests over public health.

PLOT SUMMARY​

An Enemy of the People is a play that is divided into five acts, each showing the gradual transformation of Dr. Thomas Stockmann from a respected citizen into a man condemned by the society he tried to protect. Through the five acts of An Enemy of the People, Henrik Ibsen gradually shows how society often rejects uncomfortable truths in favour of sweet lies. The play demonstrates that economic interests, political power, and public opinion can suppress truth, while individuals who defend it may face isolation and persecution.

ACT I: Discovery of the polluted Baths​

Setting: In Dr. Stockmann’s house in the evening.​

The play begins with a visit of Mr Billing, Hovstad and Peter to Dr Stockmann’s house. During the conversation, it becomes clear that the town’s Baths are the major source of economic prosperity. The Baths attract tourists and visitors, bringing wealth and development to the town. They all discuss how the spa baths have been the backbone of the town’s economy. Dr. Thomas Stockmann enjoys a pleasant evening with his family. His wife Katherine Stockmann and their daughter Petra and their sons Morten and Eilif are also present. Petra works as a teacher and shares her father's progressive ideas.

Dr. Stockmann reveals that he has suspected that the Baths’ water is contaminated and dangerous to health. He has sent water samples to a university laboratory for scientific analysis. Later in the evening, Dr. Stockmann receives a letter from the laboratory confirming his suspicion. He reports that “it reveals the presence of putrefying organic matter in the water - it’s alive with organisms – which means it is not only dangerous to drink, but dangerous to use.

The Baths are polluted because waste from a tannery upstream (owned by Morten Kiil) is leaking into the water supply. Stockmann becomes excited because he believes he has made an important discovery that will help the town correct the problem. He expects that the authorities and the public will thank him for protecting public health. They all praise him for his contribution but he is not interested because he believes he has just done his duty. His joy comes from the fact that he has managed to be of service to his native town and his fellow-citizens. Showing that he is not opportunist he says “Even if the baths committee vote me an increase in salary, I shan’t accept it. No Kathe - I shan’t accept it!”

ACT II: Conflict between Stockmann and the Mayor​

Setting: The next day in Dr. Stockmann’s house.​

Dr. Stockmann is extremely excited about the laboratory report and shares his findings with the townspeople. He believes that repairing the Baths will ultimately benefit the community. He receives a visit from Morten Kiil – his father-in-law – who comes to congratulate him for the good news as he is informed by Petra. He insists that Dr Stockmann should deal with the town authority and promises to pay some money to the poor as an appreciation. He uses this as a revenge because they threw him out of the council. “Yes, threw me out like a dog, that’s what they did”.

Hovstad – the newspaper editor – joins in and promises to support Dr Stockmann with his press “The Herald”. Additionally, Mr Aslaksen – The printer and Chairman of the Householders Association – also promises full support including publishing the story and assures him that the “Solid Majority” is behind Doctor Stockmann.

However, the situation changes when Peter Stockmann, the Mayor and Dr. Stockmann’s brother, visits him. Dr. Stockmann explains the contamination and proposes that the Baths must be rebuilt with new pipes. This will prevent further pollution and protect visitors. But Peter Stockmann reacts very differently. He realizes that repairing the Baths will be very

expensive and will require closing them for at least two years. This would damage the

town’s economy and reputation.

Peter warns Dr. Stockmann that revealing the truth could cause panic and financial disaster. He therefore suggests that the report should be kept secret but he is informed that many people already know about it. He then suggests that Dr should hold a meeting and tell the people that with further investigation he has discovered that the problems are not all that serious. Dr. Stockmann refuses to hide the truth because he believes the health of the public is more important than money.

Peter suggests that he will have to face the consequences including dismissal from his job as a medical officer to the baths. He tells Dr. Stockmann that “The man who can make such vile suggestions about his own town is nothing but an enemy of the people”. His wife - Kate advises him to reconsider his decision in the interest of the family but Dr. refuses.

ACT III: Betrayal by the press​

Setting: In the office of the newspaper editor Hovstad.​

Billing and Hovstad are in the office discussing about Dr’s article and how it will help to throw down the corrupt town authority. Dr. Stockmann arrives at the newspaper office expecting his report to be published. He promises to write some more four to five articles. Initially, Hovstad and Aslaksen appear enthusiastic although Aslaksen is cautious that these matters should be handled with moderation. They believe exposing the contamination will strengthen their reputation as defenders of the people. Billing even calls Dr. A friend of the people which Dr. appreciates because his brother called him the opposite.

Petra brings back the book they gave her to translate for them and explains that she cannot do it anymore. She says that the book contradicts with the principles of “the Herald” but Hovstad insists that it can still be printed as long as the public can be interested with the story. Petra calls him a hypocrite and discovers that he is a betrayer. She concludes that she cannot trust him again.

However, Peter Stockmann soon visits the office and explains the economic consequences of the report. He argues that publishing the report will: Damage the town’s reputation, destroy tourism, create financial losses for many citizens. He says the project will cost forty thousand pounds and the baths will have to be closed for two years. Peter cleverly manipulates public opinion by suggesting that Dr. Stockmann is exaggerating the problem.

After hearing this argument, Hovstad and Aslaksen change their attitude and reconsider their position. Instead of supporting Dr. Stockmann, they decide not to publish the report. They now accuse him of acting irresponsibly and harming the town. Dr. Stockmann becomes shocked and angry at their betrayal. He says “I see they are all against me”. Realizing that the newspaper will not help him, he decides to speak directly to the citizens in a public meeting. His wife who was once discouraging him from his mission finally promises to support him. The act ends with tension growing between the two brothers.

ACT IV: Public meeting and declaration of Stockmann as enemy of the people.​

Setting: A public meeting held at Captain Horster’s house.​

People of all classes have gathered in Mr Horster’s house where Dr. Stockmann intends to present his scientific report about the Baths. However, before the meeting starts, they demand a chairman and Aslaksen is appointed to moderate the meeting. He first welcomes Peter to give his opinion and he asks Dr. Stockmann to refrain from his lecture on the sanitary condition of the baths. Peter Stockmann argues that Dr. Stockmann is creating unnecessary panic and harming the town. He says rebuilding the baths would cost 40,000 pounds which he calls unnecessary expenditure.

 

[wazaelimu]

Aslaksen and Hovstad influence the crowd to support Peter the Mayor. When Dr. Stockmann tries to present his report, he is prevented from speaking about the Baths. Frustrated and angry, he shifts his speech and begins criticizing society itself. He declares that the majority is ignorant and dangerous. He argues that society is controlled by people who fear new ideas. He famously states: “The majority is never right.” The crowd becomes furious at these remarks.

He tells them the bitter truth that he has discovered that the whole moral life of the society is polluted and that their whole social existence is itself rooted in pestilent soil of falsehood. He accuses the local authority for the misfortunes of the town and suggests they should be exterminated. He says that the so called “solid majority” are the enemies of truth, freedom and progress. He says “…it’s the masses, the majority this damned ‘solid majority’ that’s poisoning the sources of our moral vitality and infecting the ground we walk on!”

After listening to his bitter truth, eventually, the audience quickly becomes hostile and forces him to sit down. Hovstad comments that “A man who’ld say a thing like that is nothing but an enemy of the people”. They all shout madly calling Dr. Stockmann an enemy of the people. Aslaksen winds up the meeting by the statement that “I therefore move that ‘this meeting declares Dr. Thomas Stockmann, the Medical Officer of the Health, to be an enemy of the people”. Finally, they cast votes to reinforce their decisions.

ACT V: Consequences and Stockmann’s moral victory Setting: Dr. Stockmann’s house again.​

The final act shows the consequences of the public meeting. Dr. Stockmann and his family face severe social punishment: Stones are thrown through their windows and the windows are smashed. His trousers are torn to the point that he learns a moral that “A man should not wear his best trousers when he goes to fight for truth and freedom.” Their landlord tries to evict them claiming that it’s on account of his fellow citizens and out of respect for public opinion and cannot dare to offend certain influential persons. Dr. plans to move to another destination but his wife advices him to reconsider whether his decision will be served for the best interest of the family especially the boys.

Petra comes back and reports that she has been dismissed from her teaching job. Petra does not blame Mrs. Busk - her employer - for it because she believes, there was an order from above. Captain Horster comes to see them and Dr. shows him a pile of stones they threw through his window. He tells Horster that so long as they have called him an enemy of the people then he will be one. He believes that “A nasty name on one’s innocence can be like a spot on the lung.” Horster informs Dr Thomas that he too has been fired from his job because of his support to him but calms down the doctor not to worry for he hopes to get another ship in another company.

Peter comes in to see Dr. Stockmann and informs him that he is dismissed from his position as medical officer. He also informs him that even the Householder’s Association has started a house-to-house campaign urging all its members not to consult Dr. Thomas. The entire town now treats the family as enemies. Peter advises Thomas to leave the town and after six months, write a letter of apology and admit he was mistaken. He informs Perter that “A free man has no right to play about in the dirt; he has no right to behave so that he ought to spit in his own face because of it.”

Morten Kill -his father-in-law also comes to see Dr Stockmann. He shows him the shares of the Baths he has bought with the money he was going to leave for Kate, Petra, Morten and Eilif as inheritance and condemns Dr. for accusing him that his tannery is responsible for the pollution. He believes that if Thomas continues with his allegations, it would be like stripping the skin from Kate’s body and the children. He tells Dr. to consider that and give him the feedback because otherwise all the money will go to charity. Hovstad and Aslaksen

also come to tell Thomas that they are now supporting him so that they can benefit from the shares his father-in-law is buying. But discovering their hypocrisy he drives them away.

Despite these hardships, Captain Horster remains loyal to them. He offers them his house to accommodate themselves for the time being. Dr. Stockmann considers leaving the town, but later changes his mind. He decides to stay and fight for truth and education. His children have been suspended from school and Dr. decides that they should not go there again. He plans to start a school where he will teach children to think independently and question the society. At the end of the play, he expresses his belief that: “The strongest man in the world is he who stands alone.”

INTRODUCTION TO THE PLAY.​

An enemy of the people is a powerful social and political drama written in 1882 and set in a small town in Norway. It examines the conflict between truth and public opinion, hypocrisy of the society and the moral courage required to stand alone. It remains relevant today since it explores cross-cutting issues that are still prevalent in our country.

TITLE OF THE PLAY.​

The title of the book “An enemy of the people” is deeply ironic. The protagonist of the story who is Dr. Stockmann is labelled as ‘an enemy of the people’ while in real sense he is a friend of the people as Mr Aslaksen at some points admits “Dr’s a true friend of the town – in fact a real friend of the community” pg 50. He discovers that the baths are polluted, and tries to inform the public in order to protect them and prevent diseases. Instead of being praised, he is condemned by the townspeople. This is highly ironical. The person who is supposed to be called an enemy of the people is Peter Stockmann – the mayor but he takes advantage of the ignorance of the masses and manipulates them to hide his real identity as their enemy.

However, the title is ironically related to the content of the book as Dr. Stockmann is labelled an enemy of the people in different scenarios.

1st Dr. Stockmann is called an Enemy of the people by Peter the mayor. When Peter is told by the doctor that the baths are poisoned and what they are selling is dirt and disease he says, “Sheer imagination, or even worse! The man who can make such a vile suggestion about his own town is nothing but an enemy of the people. Pg43

2nd Dr. Stockmann is called an enemy of the people by Hovstad. As Dr Stockmann presents his report in a public meeting Hovstad shouts, “A man who’ld say a thing like that is nothing but an enemy of the people!” pg86

3rd Mr. Aslaksen leads the masses to declare Dr. Stockmann an enemy of the people. He says “I therefore beg to move that ‘This meeting declares Doctor Thomas Stockmann, the Medical Officer of Health, to be an enemy of the people.’ pg 87

4th Finally the whole community declares Dr. Stockmann an enemy of the people. As a result, they smash his windows and vandalize his house calling him an enemy of the people. “Enemy of the people! After them! Duck him! Enemy of the people! Enemy of the People! Pg 91

5th Peter Stockmann is the real enemy of the people. As a leader he is supposed to safeguard the people’s lives but he becomes a danger to them by protecting his position and economic interests at the expense of people’s lives.

6th Morten Kiil is another real enemy of the people. It is his tannery that is responsible for polluting the baths and putting the health of the townspeople at risk, yet even after discovering it, he just wants to cover up his messes by buying shares in the names of Dr. Stockmann’s family members in order to stop him from exposing the truth. He is ready to see people suffering but his economic interests should be secured.

 

[wazaelimu]

SETTING​

The general setting of the play is Norway in 1882 but it can still represent any other country where the issues exposed are relevant especially African countries.

Specifically, there are minor setting in which each act takes place revealing the central ideas of the play.​

• ACT I Setting: In Dr. Stockmann’s house in the evening. It reveals the discovery of the polluted Baths
• ACT II: Setting: The next day in Dr. Stockmann’s house. It reveals the conflict between Dr. Stockmann and Peter – the mayor.
• ACT III: Setting: In the office of the newspaper editor Hovstad. It reveals the betrayal by the press.
• ACT IV: Setting: A public meeting held at Captain Horster’s house. It portrays a public meeting and declaration of Stockmann as enemy of the people.
• ACT V: Setting: Dr. Stockmann’s house again. It reveals the consequences of standing for truth and Stockmann’s moral victory.

STYLE​

• Dialogue. The playwright has used a dialogue style as expected of any play with stage directions indicating the actions and reactions of the characters. For example;

Peter: “Sheer imagination, or even worse! The man who can make such a vile suggestion

about his own town is nothing but an enemy of the people.

Dr. Stockmann: (going up to him): You dare to–!

Katherine: (throwing herself between them): Thomas!

Petra: (seizing his arm): Don’t lose your temper, Father! Pg43

The use of stage directions. At the beginning of every act there are instructions showing how the stage should be arranged. But also, inside the dialogue as in the dialogue above there are similar instructions.

The use of Letters.​

Ibsen has used a letter as an instrument of creating suspense and putting the play in motion. Dr Stockmann asks his wife “Kate – are there any letters for me?” pg7. This makes the reader/audience visualise what is it that is contained in the letter? The letter can serve as a medium of carrying good news or bad news. The letter Dr. Stockmann receives from the laboratory makes him happy as it contains the confirmation of his suspicion about the polluted water and the rest of the play is based on the message brought by this letter.

The letter Petra, Dr. Stockmann and Horster receive later in the story contain bad news of dismissal from their jobs.

LANGUAGE USE​

The play has used a very simple and straightforward language. Additionally, the playwright has employed the following.

The use of rude language.​

At some points Dr. Stockmann grows impatient and uses rude language when addressing these stiff-necked folks who don’t want to understand that he is trying to help them. For example, he calls Peter “Rubbish!” pg6 and repeats the same word to Mr Hovstad “Rubbish my dear Mr. Hovstad!” pg 82

Also, he sees both the leaders and the majority as fools. Dr Stockmann says “After all, who constitutes the majority in any country? The wise men or the fools? And it’s the same all the world over – the fools are in an absolute and overwhelming majority – and you can’t deny it! But for heaven’s sake don’t suggest that it’s right and proper for the fools to govern the wise! Pg8.

Irony.​

• There is verbal irony. When a word or phrase is used to mean the opposite.

The title of the book “An enemy of the people” is ironical. Doctor Stockmann who is declared an enemy of the people is actually a friend of the people. “Then at least I shall have done my duty to the public, to the town! Enemy of the people indeed! –

Also, Morten speaking of a vandalized house of Doctor Stockmann calls it very nice and homely. Well, it certainly looks very nice and homely here today, Thomas. Pg 193

There is situational irony. What happens is contrary to what we expected.

First, the media (The herald) which is supposed to expose the evils of the leaders and defend the rights of the people, joins with the ruling class to oppress the freedom of expression of Dr. Stockmann and they help the ruling class to hide the truth.

Second, the society is supposed to praise Dr. Stockmann for his discovery and fighting to protect their health and lives in general, instead they see him as their enemy. The majority side with lies to protect economic interests and silence Dr. Stockmann instead of listening to him.

Third, Peter Stockmann as a leader is supposed to safeguard the people’s lives but he becomes a danger to them by protecting his position and economic interests at the expense of people’s lives.

There is the use of Dramatic irony. When a certain information is known to the readers and some characters but not known to other characters.

The truth about the contaminated baths is known to Dr. Stockmann and some characters, but the majority are not aware of it. That is why they are easily manipulated by Mayor and they see Dr. Thomas as an enemy. Had they known the truth they would have called him the hero.

Metaphor​

• They are all the same these country pumpkins. Pg 5
• Sailors are birds of passage – they are at home in every port. Pg 12
• Because Mr Rorlund says work’s a punishment for our sins! Pg 14
• Aslaksen says “…my political past’s an open book. Pg 52
• The masses are simply the raw materials from which a people is fashioned! Pg 83
• Peter – you’re just about the lowest specimen of social muckworm I’ve ever come across in all my

born days. Pg 102

• When I look at you, you might be the devil! Pg 105 (Tomas to Kiil)
• You’re nothing but a couple of cowardly old women, both of you!

Simile​

• They’ve got appetites like young horses! Pg 5 (referring to the boys)
• You see the town’s like a ship – everyone must help to steer… pg 12
• Yes – threw me out like a dog, that’s what they did. Pg 24
• I know our local authorities like the palm of my hand…pg29
• The baths look like being a real gold-mine for the town. Pg 29
• You’ve been slighted and treated as a crank! pg39
• Why, every word falls like- like a sledge hammer! Pg 46
• That fellow’s got about as much manhood as a worm! Pg 47
• He’ll have all the small middle-class men down on him like a ton of bricks…pg47
• I was like an eider-duck, brooding on her nest - pg77
• They’re like goats in a garden. Pg 78 (Dr. talking of leaders)
• Majority truths’ are like last year’s salt pork or mouldy ham- pg81
• All men who live by lies should be exterminated – like vermin! Pg 87
• And the solid majority would turn tail like a flock of sheep, pg 97
• It nags at me all the time – like acid in the tummy… pg 97

 

[wazaelimu]

• A party’s like a sausage machine – it minces all the brains up together and turns them out as fat- heads and block-heads. Pg 98
• Party leaders are like hungry wolves –”pg 112

Personification​

• It’s a very old friend – it’s seen me through many a storm up north. (referring to his pipe) pg 11
• The Herald is leading you by the nose when it tells you that the masses are the backbone of the nation. Pg 83
• But goodness knows what sort of life we shall all have if you go on defying them. Pg 44
• Take the dog – man’s best friend pg 83

Exaggeration​

• And haven’t we all been praising it up to the skies? Pg 17
• I know you’ve got more brains than the whole town put together…” pg 63 (Kate speaking to Thomas)
• I’m perhaps the strongest man in the world! Pg 114

Paradox​

• I know you’ve got more brains than the whole town put together, but you’re very easily fooled all

the same. Pg 63

• And that’s why my superior brother’s so inferior and hasn’t a liberal thought in his head! pg85

Symbolism.​

• The baths represent corruption and hidden under prosperity
• Polluted water represents moral decay in the society.
• The tannery. Represents moral and economic corruption in the society.
• The herald (the media). The agent of manipulation and brainwashing of the masses.
• The letter from the laboratory. Represents truth, knowledge and exposure of corruption
• Letters from authority represents oppression and abuse of power by employers.
• The bath shares represent greed and selfish economic interests.
• The stones. (Used to vandalize Doctor’s house) represent hostility, violence, ignorance of the majority and persecution of the truth.
• The school. The school is a symbol of education, awareness and reform. Dr. Stockmann proposes to start a school to educate the next generation to be broad-minded.

Idiom and sayings​

• I won’t stand for any beating-about-the bush, or underhand method. pg 9
• I thought he was pulling my leg at first; but that’s not like Petra. Pg 23
• He’s just another stick-in-the-mud. (referring to Aslaksen) pg 32
• And this is what we offer to the poor invalids who come here in good faith and pay through the nose to be cured. Pg 35
• “I should have thought you’d had enough of living from hand to mouth in the old days. pg 44
• I’m ready to cross swords with you! Pg 68 (Thomas to Peter)
• I’d have fought tooth and nail for my rights. Pg 76 (Dr. Stockmann)
• These ageing relics of a dying system, are industriously digging their own grave. Pg 79
• A man should never wear his best trousers when he goes out to fight for truth and freedom. Pg 93
• There he hit the nail on the head! Pg 98
• What’s done can’t be undone. pg 105
• I’ll preach to them ‘in season and out of season’ – or whatever the phrase is! Pg 111
• The strongest man in the world is he who stands alone. Pg 114

 

[wazaelimu]

CHARACTERISATION​

DR THOMAS STOCKMANN:​

He is the protagonist of the story. He believes that truth should be revealed no matter the consequences. However, he is also idealistic, emotional and sometimes arrogant. As he declares “I’m perhaps the strongest man in the world! Pg 114

He is a Town Medical officer of Health. He is professionally a doctor and he uses his profession and knowledge to save his people by conducting a laboratory diagnosis to establish the condition of the water in the spa baths. Aslaksen confirms this by saying “This meeting declares Doctor Thomas Stockmann, The medical Officer of health, to be an enemy of the people”. pg 87

He is a heroic character with a firm stand. After discovering the contamination of the water and his suggestion to rebuild the baths, there is much pressure from the authority demanding him to refrain from his advances but he refuses and stands for the truth. For example, he says “I don’t care a damn what there is! Nothing’s going to stop me from speaking my mind on any subject under the sun”. pg 41, 45

He is a futurist. He is a person who considers about the future of his society in general. He is willing to see his society transformed in such a way that people are bold enough to stand for truth no matter what. He plans to start a school where he will teach children to think independently and question society. He says “What bothers me is who’s going to be broad-minded and courageous enough to carry on the good work when I’m gone?” pg 112

He is an agent of change and a revolutionist. His plan is to throw out the corrupt regime and have it replaced by people who are putting the interest of the society above their personal interest. In page 44 he says “I’ll fight to the bitter end”. He is ready to fight for changes even if it means to stand alone as he says “The strongest man in the world is he who stands most alone.” Ps 114

He is a cigar smoker. Dr Stockmann is a cigar smoker and a bad influence to his boys. He sends them to fetch him cigars and his pipe and he even suspects that one of his boys has started smoking just like him. He says “Y’know, I’ve a shrewd suspicion that young Eilif helps himself to a cigar occasionally but I pretend not to notice” pg 11. This is bad parental influence on children.

He is not selfish. He puts public interest above his family. He is advised several times to stop his advances because it may mean to lose a lot of privileges such as his job, the money from his father-in-law written as a will for his wife and children, etc. but he refuses. He says “Then at least I shall have done my duty to the public, to the town!” pg 44. He chooses integrity above personal gain.

He is brave and courageous. His movement of exposing the contamination of the baths invites hatred from those in power. Mr Aslaksen warns him about the danger that might face him and proposes moderation. Being courageous enough Dr Stockmann says “Who the devil cares about danger? What I do, I do in the name of truth and for my conscience’s sake.” pg 50

He is a true patriot. He loves his country and his fellow citizens and that’s why he takes trouble to protect them even at the expense of his own family. His research on the condition of the baths and exposing the corrupt municipal authority is part of his patriotic spirit as he says, “I am the one who really cares about the town! I want to expose a disgraceful state of affairs that sooner or later must come out! Oh, you’ll see whether I love my own town”. pg42,

He is honest and liberal minded. He is a man of integrity who speaks the truth even when it hurts. He does not sugar-coat the truth to please the masses or the public opinion. As he says to his wife “But wasn’t it the truth I told them? Every word of it? Don’t they turn every idea upside down?” pg94

He is a victim of a corrupt society. As a result of fighting for the welfare of his people, he is unfortunately misunderstood and declared as an enemy of the people by the very society he is trying to save. Following this declaration; his house is vandalized, he loses his job, his daughter Petra is dismissed from her job, his sons are suspended from school and his landlord gives him eviction order.

He is worthy being emulated in the society.

MRS KATHERINE STOCKMANN:​

She is Dr. Stockmann’s wife and Morten Kiil’s daughter. She is also a mother to Petra, Morten and Eilif. She always puts her family interests first. This is seen when she advises her husband to consider the consequences of his movement to the family. Petra asks her “Ah mother, why must you always put us first?” She responds “Oh, it is easy enough for you to talk, you can look after yourself if necessary…But think of the boys, Thomas – and of yourself a little too and of me-” pg 44

She is generous and kind-hearted. This is revealed by the way she serves Billing, and Hovstad. She invites them for food even without asking for it. For example, she says to Hovstad “Won’t you go in and have something to eat Mr Hovstad?” pg 5

She is always cautious. Most at times she warns her husband that his movement may cause him troubles which may affect his family in general and his children specifically. For example, she says “There you’ll be again with no salary, no regular income and you know we have nothing else to live on! pg44

She is supportive. When she notices that all the people who promised to support doctor Stockmann in his movement have finally betrayed him, she decides to stand with him. She says, “Then I’ll show that an old woman can be a man for once! Because from now on I’m going to stand by you, Thomas.” pg 67

She is a good advisor. She always advises her husband to consider the consequences of his decision before taking actions. For example, she advices him “I should have thought you’d had enough of living from hand to mouth in the old days. Remember what they were like, Thomas – just think what it will mean…!”

She is a good caretaker. Katherine is a good caretaker not only to her family but even to visitors. She takes good care of her children and her husband always wishing the best for them. That’s why she advises her husband also to be considerate to his family affairs. She says “Yes, but think of the boys, Thomas!” pg94

PETRA,​

She is Dr. Stockmann’s daughter and a schoolmistress.

She is liberal minded. She has acquired the mind of her father and she likes thinking independently and making her own decisions. As she says “Two of them (letters) say that … I hold extremely emancipated views on various subjects” pg 95. For example, when she discovers that the book she is given by the Herlad to translate is against her principles she returns it untranslated.

She has a firm stand. Throughout the story she stands with her father fighting for truth over lies. For example, her dismissal was to be in effect at the end of the term but she decides otherwise. “Mrs. Busk sent for me this morning and told me I was to leave at the end of the term, so I thought it best to leave at once –”. pg95

She is a victim of a corrupt society. As a result of supporting her father to deal with a corrupt regime she is dismissed from her job. Her supervisor Mrs. Busk receives letters from above to dismiss her for having emancipated views. She says “Mrs. Busk showed me no less than three letters she’d received this morning”. pg 95

She is futurist and agent of change. She supports her father’s ideas of starting their own school where they will teach children to be broadminded and courageous men. She responds to her father’s request for help by saying, “But of course I will, Father – I’ld love to!” pg 113

 

[wazaelimu]

CAPTAIN HORSTER:​

He is a ship’s master. He works as a captain of a ship owned by Mr. Vik although he is later dismissed from his job for supporting Dr. Stockmann.

He is liberal minded. Unlike others who are swayed by the so-called public opinion, he stands for what he believes is right. Even when Mr. Vik (his boss) asks him why he allowed Dr Stockmann to use his house, his response is, “Presumably, I can do what I like with my property, Mr. Vik.” Pg 89

He is kind-hearted and supportive. He has a generous heart in a sense that when Dr Stockmann’s family is given eviction order, he again accommodates them in his house until they establish themselves and get a new direction. He says “If that’s all you want you can have my house”. pg 111

He has a firm stand. Despite the fact that the whole society turns against Dr. Stockmann he is the only one who stands with him apart from the member of his family. He even gives him a house to hold a meeting.

He is a victim of standing for truth. Just because of standing with Dr. Stockmann and giving him his house to hold a meeting, his boss dismisses him in fear of the authority. Horster reports “He’s not a bad sort in his way …He said he’ld like to keep me on, if he dared –” pg98

He is optimistic and emotionally stable. Despite being dismissed from his job he does not panic. He just hopes things will be okay and he will be able to get the job from other companies. He says “Oh don’t let it worry you. I shall soon get another ship – there are plenty of other companies.” Pg97

He is worthy being emulated in the society.

​

PETER STOCKMANN:​

He is Dr. Stockmann’s elder brother and his antagonist. He values reputation, economic stability and social order over truth. So, he represents conservatism and bureaucratic control.

He is a town mayor. He holds important political position in the town. As a mayor he is responsible for managing the towns administration. He has great political influence and authority. As he says “I as chairman of the committee and your employer, forbid it! And if I forbit it you must obey! Pg41

He is a Chairman of the Municipal Baths Committee. He is responsible for maintenance and operation of the Baths but he has proved to be irresponsible. Even when the doctor conducts the investigation, he blames him for not informing him first. He says “Is there anything the mater then? – anything I’m no supposed to know about? Because I should have thought that as a chairman of Baths committee–pg9

He is one of the corrupt leaders. Peter is a very corrupt leader one of those who are obstacles to development. The filthy condition of the baths is a symbolic representation of a corrupt regime which Peter is part and parcel of. Dr Stockmann says “Party leaders are like hungry wolves. They must devour a certain number of weaker victims every year in order to exist” pg112

He is an opportunist and selfish leader. He does not do anything for the interest of the public but for his own interest or those close to him. For example, he tells Dr Stockmann that “In a way I had to do it as much for my own sake as for yours. Pg 38.

He is authoritarian (dictator) and oppressive. He is an example of those leaders who are oppressive and use their power to intimidate, pressure and threaten those who oppose him forcing professionals like Dr Stockmann to refrain from doing their works professionally. For example, he tells Dr Stockmann “I as chairman of the committee and your employer, forbid it! And if I forbit it you must obey! Pg41

He is a conservative leader. Peter’s mind does not welcome changes easily. He is one of those people who don’t welcome changes and would rather let their citizens live a dangerous life than adopting changes. He tells Doctor Thomas “The public doesn’t want any new ideas. The public’s better off with the good old established ideas it’s been used to.” pg 38. This kind of thinking is very dangerous.

He is negligent and inconsiderate. Despite Dr. Stockmann trying hard to explain to him the condition of the water at the baths, he does not take it seriously. He thinks that the doctor is exaggerating. He says “I am not yet by any means convinced that the condition of the water at the baths is as serious as you try to make out.” pg36

He is an irresponsible leader. He was the one who was in charge of the project of building the Baths and because of his irresponsibility it was not built as proposed. Something that has brought all the challenges exposed by Dr. Stockmann and he is afraid of admitting the truth. Dr says “It was all through you that the baths and the water pipes were built where they are! You made a blunder, and you’re afraid to admit it!” pg 37

He is a hypocrite leader. Peter pretends to be helping the people by hiding his real self. He does things to cover up his failings in his leadership. He pretends to show sympathy to the poor who will be required to pay more taxes to rebuild the Baths while in fact he is defending his interests. H says “I think such unselfish willingness on the part of the town’s poorer classes to make further sacrifices like this –”pg59

He perpetuates nepotism. Peter who as the chairman of the Baths committee uses his position to propose his young brother Thomas to be a medical officer of the baths. He says “You seem completely to overlook the fact that you’ve me – and only me – to thank for your appointment as medical officer to the baths…” pg39

He is not worthy being emulated.

MORTEN KIIL:​

Katherine’s father and Doctor Stockmann’s father-in-law. Being the father of Katherine, he has written a will for her and her children Petra, Morten and Eilif to be his heirs. Later on, he uses the money to buy the Bath’s shares as a way of making Dr withdraw his report because he says “It’ll just be like stripping the skin from Kate’s body and Petra’s and the boys’ –” pg 104

He is a wealthy capitalist and a master tanner (owner of a tannery). His tannery is responsible for the pollution and contamination of the Baths. As he says to Dr Stockmann “Now you said last night that my tannery’s the worst of the lot.” Pg 103

He is an opportunist and selfish. He cares more about protecting his business than about the public health. When Dr Stockmann discovers that the baths are polluted partly because of Kiil’s tannery, he tries to manipulate the situation. He buys shares in the baths to pressure Dr Stockmann to withdraw his report. He says “Well, we’ll soon see about that! I think a lot of my good name and reputation”. pg 104

He is conservative and against changes. He represents the old conservative generation that resists change and truth if it threatens their economic interests. He even threatens Dr. Stockmann not to put on papers the report about his tannery “Very well, but I warn you, Stockmann, you may pay dearly for it if you do!” pg 89

He is a hypocrite. He shows open hypocrisy when he pretends to support Dr. Stockmann in his discovery before he learns that his tannery is part of the problem. He even promises to “Give five pounds to the poor there and then”. He also adds that if Dr. will manage to deal with them, he says “I Promise you… I’ll give two-pounds-ten say to the poor next Christmas.” Pg 25

He is revengeful. He wants to use the baths scandal as a revenge to those who kicked him out of the council. He says “It’ll teach them a lesson! They think they’re so much cleverer than we old ones! – Kicking me off the council like that.” 24.

He is not worthy being emulated.

 

[wazaelimu]

MR HOVSTAD:​

He is the editor of the Herald. He promises Dr. Stockmann to print his article in his newspaper and alert the people about the pollution. He says “You’ve no objection, I take it to our putting a short paragraph about it in The Herald Doctor?” pg 20

He is a hypocrite. Mr. Hovstad pretends to be a man of principles but he is not. This is revealed by Petra who tells him that the book they wanted her to translate for them contradicts all the principles of the Herlad but he says nothing is wrong with the book. Then Petra tells him “You ought to be ashamed of yourself! I’d no idea you were such a hypocrite! Fancy tricking people like that! You are worse than a spider” pg54

He is a betrayer. At first, he supports Dr. Stockmann’s discovery and promises to publish the report in his newspaper to make people aware of it. Later on, manipulated by Peter he changes his mind and says “I’m sorry Doctor, I’m not going to print it. I can’t… I won’t… I daren’t print it!” Pg 66

He is weak and has no stand. He claims to support democracy and freedom but he abandons the truth when it threatens his position. Instead of defending the truth he follows the majority opinion. At first, he says “well, we’ll give them a good shake-up in the Herald tomorrow, Aslaksen! pg 31. Later the same person says “A man who’ld say a thing like that is nothing but an enemy of the people” pg 86

He is not worthy being emulated.

​

MR BILLING:​

He is a Sub-editor. He works as a sub-editor or assistant editor of the People’s Herald.

He is a hypocrite. Like his fellows, at first, he praises Dr. Stockmann for his discovery and promises to support him to reveal the truth. He says “Y’know Doctor this discovery of yours is enough to make you the most important man in town -and that’s a fact” pg 20. However, he turns away and supports a lie told by the mayor.

He is a betrayer and has no stand. He is easily changed by circumstances. He betrays Dr. Stockmann and joins Peter Stockmann to spread the lies about the condition of the Baths. As he says “And after what the mayor was kind enough to tell me in my office I –” pg66. Finally, he changes his mind and betrays the doctor.

He is selfish and opportunistic. He pretends to be politically radical but he is mainly interested in personal advancement. He does not stand firmly for any belief, but he rather follows what benefits him.

He is not worthy being emulated.

MR ASLAKSEN:​

He is a master printer. He is actually the owner of the printing and media house which prints the Herald. As the 2nd Workman reports “That’s Billing chap – he writes for old Aslaksen’s paper…” pg 70

He is a chairman of Householders’ Association. He is the leader of the householders in the town who also benefit from the tourists who come to enjoy themselves in the baths as he says “We shall all benefit from them – especially householders. That’s why we are so ready to support them. And as I’m Chairman of the Householders’ Association –” pg29

He is a non-alcoholic. When in Dr Stockmann’s house all the rest are drinking toddy, sherry (a kind of wine from Spain) and when he is welcomed to share a glass of sherry or beer he says “Good gracious me, no thank you, Doctor I never touch spirits.” pg30

He is a hypocrite. Although he presents himself as a fair and moderate leader, his actions show that he values public opinion and personal safety more than truth and justice. He is the one who admits that “Dr’s a true friend of the town – in fact a real friend of the community” pg50. He promises to support Doctor and the publication of the report but a few

moments later, when he realizes that it will cause conflict with authorities and the majority, he withdraws his support. As the chairperson of the meeting, he declares Dr Stockmann “An enemy of the people”.

He is a betrayer. He promises the doctor to give him support by what he calls ‘solid majority’ but later he betrays him. He says “You see who form what you might call a ‘solid majority’ in the town… and it’s always an advantage to have the majority with you Doctor”pg29.

He is an active member of the Temperance Society. This is a society that promotes self- control, discipline and abstaining from alcohol. He is an advocate of moderation and always cautious in dealing with controversial matters. As he states, “That’s exactly what I say – everything in moderation” pg 63. That’s why he is appointed as a moderator of the meeting which declares the Doctor as an enemy of the people.

He is not worth being emulated in the society.

​

Other characters are​

• Morten
• Eilif
• 1st, 2nd & 3rd Citizens
• 1st, & 2nd man
• 1st & 2nd Workman
• Drunk
• Fat man (Mr. Vik)
• The crowd

 

[wazaelimu]

THEMES​

BAD LEADERSHIP.​

Bad leadership has always proved to be the main obstacle of development in many developing countries. The presence of leaders who prioritize personal interests over public interests is a big problem. The theme of bad leadership is powerfully revealed by the actions of leaders like Peter Stockmann and the wider society. The issue of bad leadership is shown in the following scenarios.

Betrayal by leaders.​

Leaders like Peter Stockmann have betrayed the people who trusted them and gave them authority to rule them to prosperity. Instead of working for the common interest of the people they have betrayed the very society that gave them power. Peter betrays his own Brother Doctor Stockmann by turning against him publicly. This highlights the truth that bad leaders betray both personal relationships and public interest.

Peter also being the mayor uses his power to manipulate the media and make them betray Dr. Stockmann. Initially, the press and the townspeople support Dor Stockmann. But due to the influence of their leaders they all later abandon him.

Misuse of power by leaders.​

Bad leadership is shown through the misuse of authority for selfish ends. In this play. Peter Stockmann as mayor uses his position to suppress the truth about the contaminated baths. Instead of protecting the citizens, he manipulates official reports and public opinion. He blocks Dr. Stockmann from exposing the danger facing the people. He says “I as chairman of the committee and your employer, forbid it! And if I forbit it you must obey! Pg41

When Doctor Stockmann shows a firm stand that he will not retreat from his discovery, then Peter threatens to use his power to dismiss him from his position as a medical officer to the baths. He says, “Your dismissal as medical officer to the baths. I shall be faced with no alternative but to propose that you shall be given instant notice and shall have no further connection whatever with the baths. Pg 42.

This shows that bad leaders may use their power not to serve the people but to protect their own interests and image (reputation).

Selfishness of leaders.​

In many areas where there is poor or bad leadership, normally self-interests dominate decision-making. Leaders are driven by personal gain rather than the common good. Peter fears that closing the baths for repair will affect the town’s economy and his image as a leader. So, he chooses money and status over people’s health. Even the townspeople support lies to avoid financial loss. That’s why Dr. Stockmann becomes angry and says “It’s because all the men in this town are a lot of old women – like you. All they think about is themselves and their families, they don’t care a damn about the rest of the people! 67.

Torture and oppression to innocent people by leaders.​

One of the weapons used by the leaders in order to silence opposition is oppression and torture to the liberal minded who expose the ills of the leaders. It involves intimidation, suppression of the freedom of expression, and at the worst both physical and psychological torture. Dr. Stockmann is oppressed and tortured unfairly.

He is declared “an enemy of the people” by his own brother who later convinces the public to do the same.

He is denied a hall to hold a meeting but even when Captain Horster gives him his house, still Peter hires people to come and disrupt the meeting.

He is socially alienated/isolated and physically attacked. The windows of his house are smashed and the whole house vandalised.

He is psychologically tortured when he is dismissed from his job, his daughter Petra is dismissed from her job and his children Morten and Eilif are suspended from school. Additionally, his landlord gives him eviction orders so he wonders where he will shelter his family for the time being.

Abuse of freedom of expression by leaders.​

Another important weapon used by incompetent leaders is suppression of freedom of expression, freedom of assembly and freedom of speech to those who want to expose the failings of the leaders. In order to avoid challenges, the authority denies Dr. Thomas his right of speaking at a public meeting. First, he is denied a hall, Peter says “No one in the town’ll let you have a hall for such a purpose” pg 67. Second, after getting a room where to hold his meeting the authority interferes his meeting. His voice is suppressed because it threatens those in power.

The leaders also suppress and control the media houses. The press initially supports Dr. Thomas but later refuses to publish his article due to the influence from the mayor. Instead, the mayor brings a counterfeit article and they agree to publish it.

Peter: The public’ll have all the information that’s necessary when this appears – it’s an official statement. I’ll leave it with you, Mr Hovstad.

Hovstad: Good! Thank you, your worship. I’ll see that it appears.

Suppression of the Media by leaders. The media is controlled by those in power thus losing independence. The herald promises to stand with doctor Stockmann but after being manipulated by Peter the Mayor it turns against him and ideally simply becomes the mouthpiece of the ruling class. Important information is deliberately withheld from the public. They refuse to print the article presented by Dr. Stockmann but they accept to print a false article brought by the mayor. See the quotation below;

Peter: The public’ll have all the information that’s necessary when this appears – it’s an official statement. I’ll leave it with you, Mr Hovstad.

Hovstad: Good! Thank you, your worship. I’ll see that it appears.

So, the playwright shows that when the media fails in its duty, the society becomes vulnerable to lies and injustice – and those who speak truth like Dr. Stockmann are silenced and condemned.

Irresponsibility of leaders.​

Bad leadership is portrayed through irresponsibility in a sense that Peter fails to take action even after learning about the contaminated baths. He avoids responsibility and shifts blame to Thomas, calling him a trouble maker. This shows that bad leaders neglect their responsibilities and duties. Instead of solving the problem, he suggests that Dr. Thomas should publicly contradict his findings and tell the people that the problem is not as serious as he estimated in the first place. Peter suggests “We shall expect you to state that after further investigations, you’ve come to the conclusion that the water is after all by no means as serious or urgent as you had at first thought” 40.

Nepotism practised by leaders.​

Peter who is the chairman of the Baths committee uses his position to propose his young brother Dr. Thomas to be a medical officer of the baths. He says “You seem completely to overlook the fact that you’ve me – and only me – to thank for your appointment as medical officer to the baths…” pg39

It is from this perspective that Peter wants Thomas to treat the matter of exposing the blunder in the baths on family grounds. Just as he proposed his name into the committee, he wants Thomas to protect his (Peter’s) reputation as a brother and keep it a secret. Nepotism in public service is one of the obstacles to development.​

 

[wazaelimu]

BUIDING THE FUTURE​

In the play the theme of building the future is central and is presented mainly through Dr. Stockmann’s struggle to create a healthier, truthful and morally upright society. However, his efforts face serious resistance from individuals and institutions that prioritize immediate benefits over long-term progress. Ibsen ultimately suggests that a better future can only be achieved when individuals are willing to stand for truth, even against the majority. The following are the ways through which we can build a better future.

Through truth and honesty.​

Dr. Stockmann believes that a better future must be built on truth. He discovers that the town’s Baths, which are the main source of income, are contaminated. “The Baths are poisoned… all the water is infected.” By exposing this truth, he aims to protect public health and secure a sustainable future for the town. This shows that truth is the foundation of long-term development.

Through education and enlightenment (awareness) especially to the youngsters.​

Dr. Stockmann also believes that the society must be educated to think independently and reject blind majority opinions. He says “What bothers me is who’s going to be broad- minded and courageous enough to carry on the good work when I’m gone?” pg 112. This suggests that critical thinking and awareness are necessary tools for shaping a better future. So, he plans to start his own school and teach children to be broad-minded individuals. That’s why his son Morten asks him “But Father, what are we going to do when we grow up into broadminded and courageous men? Pg 113. Dr. Stockmann replies “Drive all the wolves away, my lads!” pg 113

Through moral courage, sacrifice and patriotism.​

Dr. Stockmann refuses to remain silent despite the pressure. He stands firm against the majority, showing that patriotism, courage and integrity are essential in building a just future. His determination highlights that change often begins with individuals who are willing to sacrifice for the common good. “And you think you can silence me and bottle up the truth? Well, you’ll find it won’t be easy! Mr Aslaksen – will you take my article and print it as a pamphlet, at my own expenses – I want three, no four, five thousand copies…” 67. Dr. Stockmann shows that sacrifice is important in the process of building the future. He is ready to fight even when it means to stand alone. He says “The strongest man in the world is he who stands alone” pg114.

Through reform and long-term planning.​

Dr. Stockmann proposes repairing the Baths, even though it would be expensive and time-consuming. This reflects the idea that true development requires patience and long- term investment, not quick fixes. Dr Stockmann shows that for the society that is so corrupted to that extent to the point that people and their future prosperity are built on lies and deceit fits for nothing. He shows the consequences of not making reforms that this corruption might spread to the whole country and that will be very disastrous. He bitterly says “At this rate you’ll contaminate the whole country – with the result that the whole country’ll deserve to be ruined! And, if that ever happens, I shall say from the bottom of heart – ‘Let the county fall! Let the people perish!” pg 87

Through commitment and good leadership.​

Initially, before Mr Hovstad’s mind gets corrupted by Peter Stockmann, he had very progressive ideas. Here he suggests “And then once the ring’s broken, we’ll get to work and show the public every day just how incompetent the Mayor is! – and, of course, keep on insisting that for the future, the town council – indeed, every responsible position – must be filled by men of more liberal ideas.” Pg 47.

Through unity and solidarity.​

Dr Stockmann believes in unity and solidarity as one of the ways of building the future. The battle against those in power and who more often than not benefit from the ignorance of the majority is not easy. In order to overthrow the corrupt regime from their positions, the solid majority must stand together. He suggests: “And if only we stand together, it will be easy! Our so-called revolution’ll be launched as smoothly as an ocean liner”. Pg 50

However, Ibsen shows that the work of building the future is not an easy one. It does not go without obstacles. He has highlighted the following obstacles so that the society may find the way out.

Hypocrisy of the majority.​

Many people are hypocrites. They pretend to support changes but they are just paying lip services without actions. Aslaksen for example, presents himself as a fair and moderate leader, his actions show that he values public opinion and personal safety more than truth and justice. He is the one who admits that “Dr’s a true friend of the town – in fact a real friend of the community pg 50”. He promises to support Doctor and the publication of the report but a few moments later, when he realizes that it will cause conflict with authorities and the majority he withdraws his support. As the chairperson of the meeting, he declares Dr Stockmann “An enemy of the people”. The same applies to people like Billing, and Hovstad who were thought to be in the frontline fighting against evils but they are all caught up in the net of hypocrisy thus they hinder the efforts to build the future.

Disunity among the society members.​

Mr Billing knows very well that it’s through unity that the revolution can be achieved. He says “That’s true – we shall simply have to keep on battering them till they collapse, that’s all… D’you know as I sat reading that article, I could almost hear the first faint rumbling of revolution. pg 46. However, this is not what happens. Because of his selfish interest and his fellow members in the press they fail to unite with Dr. Stockmann and leave him to fight alone. As a result, he fails to overthrow the corrupt town council.

Media manipulation.​

Although ‘the media’ is supposed to be an independent body avoiding any conflict of interests. However, this is not the case in many African countries. Instead of the media speaking for the vulnerable and the disadvantaged, it speaks for the ruling class and the economically powerful and influential persons. The Herald promises to stand with

 

[wazaelimu]

Doctor Stockmann but after being manipulated by Peter the Mayor it turns against him and ideally simply becomes the mouthpiece of the ruling class. This is a real obstacle of development. They refuse to print the article presented by Dr. Stockmann but they accept to print a false article brought by the mayor. As shown below.

Peter: The public’ll have all the information that’s necessary when this appears – it’s an official statement. I’ll leave it with you, Mr Hovstad.

Hovstad: Good! Thank you, your worship. I’ll see that it appears.

Ignorance of the masses.​

Another obstacle of building the future is when the majority are ignorant and fools and from them come the leaders who are also fools. Dr Stockmann says “After all, who constitutes the majority in any country? The wise men or the fools? And it’s the same all the world over – the fools are in an absolute and overwhelming majority – and you can’t deny it! But for heaven’s sake don’t suggest that it’s right and proper for the fools to govern the wise! Pg8. We cannot expect the development to come from the same people who created the problems. The majority who are supposed to question the authority are easily manipulated because of ignorance. The townspeople reject the truth because they fear economic loss. They label Dr. Stockmann: “An enemy of the people!” This demonstrates that the majority can resist change, especially when truth threatens their comfort or livelihood. As a result, no development can be realised.

Betrayal by the majority.​

Hovstad, Billing and Aslaksen who promised to support Dr. Stockmann, later betray him and they not only abandon him but also side with his enemies to fight against him. Hovstad in particular says “It appears that you presented your case in a false light, Doctor – and therefore I’m afraid that I must withdraw my support…” pg65/6. This is what they all do and leave Dr. Stockmann with his family and Mr Horster alone on his side. Due to this betrayal, he fails to achieve the results he anticipated.

Petra shows how Hovstad has betrayed her father by these remarks “I’m holding it against you simply because you’ve deceived my father. You have talked to him as though the truth and the general good were all you cared about…you are not the man you pretended to be, Mr Hovstad. I shall never forgive you for that – never!” pg 56

Selfish leadership and misuse of power.​

Peter Stockmann (the mayor) opposes his brother’s findings because fixing the Baths would harm the town’s economy and his political position. The Baths are the town’s main source of income, so people choose to protect their financial security rather than invest in a safer future. This highlights the conflict between short-term gain and long- term well-being. So, leaders with selfish and egocentric minds are a serious obstacle to the efforts to build the future. Such leaders can block progress when they prioritize personal or economic interests over public welfare. Dr Stockmann says the following about leaders “And if there’s one thing I can’t stand, it’s ‘leading men’! – I’ve seen too many of ‘em in my time! They’re like goats in a garden! They damage everything they touch.” Then as a solution he adds “I should like to see the whole damn lot of them exterminated like any other vermin”. pg78

Suppression of freedom of expression.​

Hovstad and the press initially support Dr. Stockmann but later withdraw when they realize the consequences. Suppression of the freedom of expression, is a big challenge in developing countries. The media refuses to publish Dr. Stockmann’s article, then, he is denied a hall to hold a meeting but even when Captain Horster gives him his house, still Peter hires people to come and disrupt the meeting. This reflects how the media and institutions may fail to support truth when it becomes inconvenient, limiting efforts to build a better future.

Social isolation and intimidation.​

Dr. Stockmann and his family are rejected by society. His daughter loses her job, his sons are suspended from school, his landlord gives him eviction orders and he is publicly humiliated. This shows that those who try to bring change often face personal suffering, from the leaders as a way of discouraging others from doing the same.

In An Enemy of the People, building the future is portrayed as a difficult but necessary task that depends on truth, courage, education, and long-term vision. However, it is hindered by selfish leadership, ignorance, economic fears, and societal pressure. Ibsen seems to suggest that a better future can only be achieved when individuals are willing to stand for truth, even against the majority.

CONFLICT​

In An Enemy of the People, Henrik Ibsen uses different forms of conflict to reveal the struggle between truth and corruption, individual and society, and morality and self-interest. These conflicts make the play powerful and relevant in understanding leadership and social responsibility.

Internal conflict (within a character)​

This occurs within Dr. Thomas Stockmann as he struggles between truth and consequences. At first, he is excited to reveal the truth about the baths. Later, he realizes that telling the truth will cost him his job, reputation, and social standing. He struggles emotionally but ultimately chooses truth over comfort. “The strongest man in the world is he who stands alone.” This shows his internal decision to stand firm despite isolation.

Personal conflict (between individuals).​

The major personal conflict is between Thomas Stockmann and his brother Peter Stockmann. This occurs when Peter wants to suppress the report, while Thomas insists on exposing the truth. Their disagreement becomes intense, mixing family tension with professional rivalry. “You have an ingrained tendency to go your own way.” (Peter to Thomas). “I will not be a party to such a fraud!” (Thomas). This highlights the clash between authority and integrity.

Political conflict (individual vs authority/government).​

This conflict occurs between Thomas and the town authorities, led by Peter. The government prioritizes economic stability over public health. Thomas challenges the system by exposing corruption. The authorities use power to silence him. Peter tells him “The whole thing must be kept secret, for the present.” This shows how political leaders manipulate truth for control.

Social conflict (individual vs society).​

Thomas is in conflict with the entire community. The townspeople initially support him but later turn against him. He is labelled an enemy and rejected by society. The majority chooses comfort over truth. “The majority is never right.” They call him “An enemy of the people!” This demonstrates the struggle between truth and public opinion.

Economic Conflict (money vs morality)​

The conflict arises between financial interests and public safety. The town depends on the baths for income. Repairing them would cost a lot of money. Leaders and citizens reject the truth to avoid economic loss. “The Baths will be closed for several years… Do you think the town will stand that?” This shows that economic concerns override moral responsibility.

 

[wazaelimu]

CLASSES​

In An Enemy of the People, Henrik Ibsen presents a sharp conflict between two social classes, especially the ruling (upper) class and the middle/lower class, to expose how power and class interests shape truth, justice, and morality. The theme of classes reveals that society is deeply divided, and both the ruling elite and the masses can become obstacles to truth. Ibsen criticizes not only those in power but also ordinary people who fail to stand for justice, showing that truth often stands alone against both classes.

The Ruling / Upper Class​

This class is represented by those who hold political, economic, and institutional power. These include Peter Stockmann (Mayor and Chief Constable), Morten Kiil the capitalist and owner of the tannery, Aslaksen (the Owner of the Herald and Chaiman of Householders Association), Vik (the Owner of the Ship company in which Captain Horster was working) etc. These use their political and economic power to oppress others. Peter Stockmann uses his position to control decisions and suppress the truth, and protect his economic interests

The ruling class prioritizes the prosperity of the Baths over public health. They manipulate the masses and influence public opinion through authority and the press. Peter argues that: “The individual ought to subordinate himself to the community.” This reflects how the ruling class demands obedience, even at the cost of truth.

The Middle / Lower Class​

This group includes, workers like Dr. Stockmann, Horster, Billing, Hovstad, Petra, and ordinary citizens like Katherine, and the masses. These ones are divided into two groups. On one side, there are those who are aware of their rights and are ready to fight for truth: the likes of Dr Stockmann, Petra and Horster. On the other side, there are ignorant masses who are easily manipulated by those in power. They fear losing their income if the Baths are closed. They lack of independence in thinking and they follow the ruling class due to fear or manipulation.​

So, this class division within the same society becomes an obstacle in building a solid society that stands for truth and justice. However, Dr. Stockmann shows that truth does not belong to any class—it often stands against all classes. He famously declares: “The strongest man in the world is he who stands alone.” This indicates that true change requires independent thinking, not blind loyalty to class interests.

 

[wazaelimu]

POSITION OF WOMEN​

A woman is portrayed as a person with a firm stand. Petra is a good case in point here. Throughout the story she stands with her father fighting for truth over lies. For example, her dismissal is to be in effect at the end of the term but she decides otherwise. “Mrs. Busk sent for me this morning and told me I was to leave at the end of the term, so I thought it best to leave at once –” pg95

A woman is portrayed as a victim of a corrupt society. As a result of supporting her father to deal with a corrupt regime Petra is dismissed from her job. Her supervisor Mrs. Busk receives letters from above to dismiss her for having emancipated views. She says “Mrs. Busk showed me no less than three letters she’d received this morning” pg 95

A woman is portrayed as an agent of change and a revolutionist. Petra is ready to lose her job but stand for the truth. She supports her father’s ideas of starting their own school where they will teach children to be broadminded and courageous men. She responds to her father’s request for help by saying “But of course I will, Father – I’ld love to!” pg 113

A woman is portrayed as patriotic and courageous. When Kate notices that all the people who promised to support doctor Stockmann in his movement have finally betrayed him, she decides to stand with him. She says, “Then I’ll show that an old woman can be a man for once! Because from now on I’m going to stand by you, Thomas” pg 67

She is generous and kind-hearted. This is revealed by Katherine Stockmann who serves Mr Billing, and invites Peter and Hovstad to join him. She invites them for food even without asking for it. For example, she says to Hovstad “Won’t you go in and have something to eat Mr Hovstad” pg 5.

A woman is portrayed as a good advisor. She always advises her husband to consider the consequences of his decision before taking actions. For example, she advices him “I should have thought you’d had enough of living from hand to mouth in the old days. Remember what they were like, Thomas – just think what it will mean…!”

A woman is portrayed as a good caretaker. Katherine is a good caretaker not only to her family but even to visitors. She takes good care of her children and her husband always wishing the best for them. That’s why she advises her husband also to be considerate to his family affairs. She says “Yes, but think of the boys, Thomas!” pg94

 

[wazaelimu]

POOR PARENTAL CARE​

In An Enemy of the People, Thomas Stockmann is often presented as a moral hero, but a closer look reveals weaknesses in his role as a parent. His behavior toward his children, reflects elements of poor parenting, particularly in neglect, misplaced priorities, and lack of guidance. We are going to look at these scenarios.

Neglect of moral guidance (Eilif’s smoking). Dr. Stockmann admits that he suspects his son Eilif Stockmann smokes cigars, yet he deliberately chooses to ignore it. He says “Y’know, I’ve a shrewd suspicion that young Eilif helps himself to a cigar occasionally but I pretend not to notice” pg 11. This is bad parental influence on children and it reflects avoidance of responsibility. A good parent is expected to correct and guide children, especially in matters of behavior and discipline. Dr. Stockmann portrays moral inconsistency. While he fights passionately for truth and morality in society, he fails to enforce those same values within his own household. This irony weakens his image as a man who wants to reform society but cannot fully manage his own family.

Prioritizing public interest over family welfare. Dr. Stockmann places the welfare of society above the safety and well-being of his family. He insists on exposing the truth about the contaminated baths despite knowing the consequences. His actions lead to: loss of income, social isolation, danger to his family (e.g., hostility from the community, stones thrown at his house). This reflects irresponsibility because as a parent he is expected to protect his family first. So, his moral stand, though admirable, ignores the immediate needs of his wife and children. His children and wife are forced to suffer for a cause they did not choose. His wife, Katherine Stockmann, even challenges him, emphasizing the importance of family security over abstract principles.

Authoritarian influence on his children.

Dr. Stockmann’s strong, uncompromising personality also affects his parenting style. He expects his children to align with his beliefs without question. He indirectly exposes them to conflict and hostility. He prioritizes ideological teaching over emotional support. Instead of nurturing independent thinking in a safe environment, he pulls them into his personal battle. So, he plans to start his own school and teach his children to be broad- minded and radical individuals. That’s why his son Morten asks him, “But Father, what are we going to do when we grow up into broadminded and courageous men? Dr. Stockmann replies “Drive all the wolves away, my lads!” pg 113

So, although Dr. Stockmann’s actions come from integrity and truthfulness, not selfishness, this good intention does not erase the negative impact on his family. Thus, while he is “a friend of the people,” he paradoxically becomes less effective as a father. His character demonstrates that moral heroism in public life does not automatically translate into responsible parenting in private life.

Messages.​

Courage and sacrifice are essential especially when standing for truth. Thomas stands firm despite all the insults, threats, and rejection. It takes bravery to stand alone for justice and truth. Dr. Stockman loses his job, reputation and support from the community.

We should accept the truth even when it hurts. The majority is not always right. There are times when one person can be right and the majority wrong. We must learn that righteousness and justice is measured by facts not numbers.

Corrupt, selfish, irresponsible, and hypocritical leaders are obstacles to development. They should be overthrown from their positions and be replaced with visionary leaders.

Misuse of power and authority is another obstacle to development. Leaders like Peter, misuse authority to silence the doctor (professional) and to protect their own interests. They should be replaced.

The media should be independent body and not biased and unreliable. The press first supports Dr. Stockmann but later turns against him due to the influence of the mayor. This shows the media does not always stand for truth it can be influenced by power and profit.

Leaders should respect human rights like freedom of speech. Dr. Stockmann is denied the chance to speak freely at a public meeting. Leaders use their power to suppress freedom of speech and expression when they notice that it threatens their economic interests.

A friend in need is a friend indeed. Despite all the threats and rejections from the community, Captain Horster stands with Dr. Stockmann. When Dr Stockmann’s family is given eviction order, he again accommodates them in his house until they establish themselves and get a new direction.

Education and independent thinking are important in building the future. Dr. Stockmann criticises the people for lacking independent thinking and they follow “mob psychology” baptised as ‘solid majority’. People should question ideas rather than following blindly.

We should prioritise human life over material things like money. Dr. Stockman is fighting to protect people’s lives while the leaders and the ignorant majority are fighting to protect economic benefits.

Betrayal both by the leaders and the common people is an obstacle to development. Leaders have betrayed their citizens by putting their economic interests above people’s welfare. Common people and the media also betray the people who are fighting for their rights and see them as threats.

Good parental care is necessary for the child’s future. Mrs. Stockmann always puts the interests of her family first as much as possible. Dr. Stockmann on the other hand, neglects both parenting and family welfare and puts public interests first.

RELEVANCE.​

We have bad leadership portrayed through misuse of power, selfishness, hypocrisy and the like. Leaders in Tanzania put self-interest over public welfare. Projects that benefit the public may be ignored due to financial or political interests. Also, oppression and torture to those who criticise the government is now common in Tanzania.

There is public ignorance and manipulation by leaders. Leaders take advantage of people’s ignorance to manipulate them. Some citizens follow leaders without questioning, especially during the political campaigns for election. They support the ruling party which is actually the one responsible for the problems we face today.

Betrayal is common in our society. Both by leaders who promise the citizens better life during the political campaigns but later things turn into worse and they don’t want to be questioned for that and the common people who betray others especially in relationship.

There is abuse of democracy through suppression of freedom of speech. Although the constitution allows freedom of speech, expression and assembly, there are many instances where voices are restricted especially when criticizing the government. Many opposition parties’ leaders are arrested or abducted for no good legal reasons.

There is influence and bias of the media. The government has a strong hand on the media in regard to what they should report. While regulating the media operation is good to maintain ethical grounds and avoid causing unnecessary panic to citizens, the government suppresses even reporting of necessary information needed by the public if it shows the ills of the government.